For more information on how to use the .step command to improve your understanding of a schematic, review the Help Topics in LTspice IV. After running the simulation we get the following plot with Vo vs RL. After simulation, when you move the cursor close to the schematic wiring, the cursor changes to voltage probe. LTspice parametric sweep: how to force the simulator to continue with the next step? Click on "Simulate" icon bar then "Edit Simulation Cmd" to show the Transient section. Sim. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? Add a .step command via a SPICE directive that specifies the steps for the parameter by a linear, logarithmic or list of values. LTspice can use auxiliary units other than m as shown in the following table. To see the results with respect to time, we need to change the simulation type to .tran, transient analysis. This is not what OP is asking about. Read more about our privacy policy. First, prepare a schematic for parametric analysis with LTspice. You are missing a comma in the Vac table after the pair 3,200V. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. High Side Current Sense Amplifier with Reference and Comparator. We are going to work on this exercise in a slightly different order than the one asked by the exercise. Another use of variable parameters can be to find the maximum power transferred to a load. This time, set the feedback resistor R2 of the op-amp. It is performed simultaneously with transient analysis, AC analysis, DC sweep analysis, etc. The Group moderators are responsible for maintaining their community and can address these issues. What sort of strategies would a medieval military use against a fantasy giant? Are you sure you wish to delete this message from the message archives of LTspice@groups.io? In addition, since the schematic was prepared here, if you want to start analysis immediately, download it by clicking the link below. I guess I'll just have to export the data and plot it elsewhere. Trying to understand how to get this basic Fourier Series. The command ".step" performs parameters sweeps. You need to replace this with your parameter designator; put that inside {} brackets, e.g. The addition of the curly braces around the variable is important as it tells LTspice IV that X is a parameter. To know which value of RL corresponds to that particular answer, right click with your mouse on top of it and a pop up window will show you the respective parameter value. Any number of parameters can be made into variables, however LTspice will run simulations on all the different combinations of each value. In this article, we only used the waveform viewer to check the voltage waveforms of V(OUTPUT) with the voltage probe. I think this message isn't appropriate for our group. I know I could just export a CSV file and plot them with Octave or Excel, but it would be so much more useful to do it directly on LTSpice. Remember that R5 relates to the parameter designator. I am not sure if my question was well understood (yes I did find other similar posts but no applicable answers). I think this message isn't appropriate for our group. Below is a step-by-step method for how I added one. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. If you move the keys up and down in your keyboard you will be able to change between all the different answers. I'm just wondering if I can manually change the color settings of the data points. Radial axis transformation in polar kernel density estimate. For instance, the forward voltage of a diode will change over different temperatures, the VBE of transistors, the RDSon of MOSFET and so on. Click SPICE Directive on the toolbar to display Edit Text on the Schematic screen. For example, combine parameter A and parameter B into a new parameter, (A*100+B), and sweep that. Analog Devices is in the process of updating our website. Once the simulation stops, I need to use cursors in Probe to figure out which combination of parameters generates close to a a certain result. Since we dont have AC signals in this circuit, it is all DC analysis, we are going to simulate the DC operating point of the circuit using the .op simulation command. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Model Statements: Some devices, such as, transistors and diodes require information on the device in order to make calculations. (c) and (d) answer -> RL = 12 for P = 33.33 W. To answer (a), we need the open circuit voltage (Voc) and the Thevenin resistance (Rth). You can change them manually, which will take some time, but you can also set a variable parameter for RL and change its value automatically. PSPICE is more suited for this but if you are good at scripting, this should be possible to solve in NGSPICE. It is important to understand that if you place the ground reference in a different point you are going to get different results. Although the .tran of dot command was created from the screen of Edit Simulation Command, it can also be created by Edit Text on the Schematic. Thank you. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. When a temperature sweep is used, LTSpice automatically vary the properties of components with respect to desired temperatures. This multiple value parameter might have values with single quote, such as: abc, efg's, sms dio, 'you's dfd. The new topic will begin with this message. this is how I roll it in 1 run (same method as what mr stilltrying said). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Click "SPICE Directive" on the toolbar to display "Edit Text on the Schematic" screen. Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. LTspice: How can I show multiple probes with waveforms using stepping parameters in different colors? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This is useful for associating a name with a value for the sake of clarity and parameterizing your circuits. At LTspice, are there any methods to change the values at once? If you've got a resistor R5 on your LTSpice schematic, for example, then Control-Right click over the component to pull up the Component Attributes dialogue box. Parametric analysis analyzes while changing parameters such as resistance, capacitor, inductor, and power supply of electronic circuit. I have an LCR circuit including voltage sources where I need to sweep more than three parameters (nested sweep) for a transient simulation. Something like this: Paul asked how to step two parameters at once. The DC operating point, .op simulation doesnt output an answer with respect to time. Of course, if you know the syntax format, you can also enter it on the "Edit Text on the Schematic" screen. If you have not drawn a schematic with LTspice, we recommend that you draw a schematic before analysis. A .model statement tells LTspice what parameters to use for modeling semiconductors. I found most of the solution for passing multiple value to stored procedure is to create a user defined function to put the string to a table, then grab the value from table to stored procedure. The command .step performs parameters sweeps. 2023 Open the edit screen of resistance R2 by "right clicking" the resistance R2 of the schematic with the mouse. To be clear I've used {R5} for my convenience and understanding. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Step-by-step explanation lStep 1: Plot for step 6-7 Step 2: Plot for step 7-8 Step 3: Plot for step 9 Step 4: Plot for step 10 Step 5: Plot for step 11 Step 6: Plots for step 12 Step 7: Plot for step 13 Step 8: Plot for step 14 Crossing point: Frequency=336.5 Hz, Magnitude =695.218mV, Phase =44.09 o 2. Enter {R2} for the Resistance[]. This command causes an analysis to be repeatedly performed while stepping the temperature, a model parameter, a global parameter, or an independent source. On spice directive window, enter the step command as below. It described a complete circuit, so I extracted just the SCR description. In any LTspice simulation, varying a parameter in a device or model is just as important as plotting voltages or currents, as it allows you to compare performance and develop your circuit intuition. This article details how to use LTspice's Waveform Viewer. LTSpice doesn't know what your talking about until you do that bit. We are almost there. 2022-06-30; which parameter combination corresponds with which waveform). Example: .step oct v1 1 20 5. Visitors have the right to withdraw their consent. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. I would for example like to increase some capacitor and decrease the stimulus volrtage source simultaniously. In this article, we will explain in detail the parametric analysis(.step) method in LTspice. Another way to simulate a set of values at the same time is to use the increasing order option of the .step command. (I'm using the .op command). This includes: harm to minors, violence or threats, harassment or privacy invasion, impersonation or misrepresentation, fraud or phishing. Disconnect between goals and daily tasksIs it me, or the industry? I'm confused, do you want to simulate 3 situations or more? Notice Uin could be used as {Uin} in a voltage source or similar and so on. You should see ".step param R2 100 400 100" at the bottom of the screen. G: Place ground. Step independent voltage source V1 from 1 to 20 logarithmically with 5 points per octave. Unfortunately, there's no editing messages but I knew whoever responded would be sure to correct me : ). Each param should have 3 pairs in it, not three values. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Is there a trick I can use to overcome the 'up to three nested loops' limitation? As .tran 10m of dot command appear, place it at an appropriate position. This video provides an overview of how to use the .STEP command to perform repeated analysis of a circuit in LTspice. Did any DOS compatibility layers exist for any UNIX-like systems before DOS started to become outmoded? By computing 1-u(Temp) the temperature coefficient tc3 is effective only if Temp < 0 C. One parameter sweep/step can control multiple component values through expressions. http://ltwiki.org/?title=Undocumented_LTspice#Stepping_a_Model, Powered by SMFPacks Advanced Attachments Uploader Mod. MathJax reference. Groups.io, Is there a way to have LTspice step multiple parameters as a, --- In LTspice@, "dan.friedrichs" . Doesn't analytically integrate sensibly let alone correctly. LTSpice: Step multiple parameters simultanious Uwe Bonnes Aug 1, 2006 Search Forums New Posts U Uwe Bonnes Jan 1, 1970 0 Aug 1, 2006 #1 Is it possible to define the step function so that it influences multiple parameters at once? Stepping Parameters in LTspice IV LinearTechnology 10.8K subscribers Subscribe 486 Share Save 103K views 11 years ago LTspice with with Gabino Alonso, Strategic Marketing. You can duplicate this by taking the text at the end of this section and saving it as a file in your LTSpice The list examples detailed above is a different way of achieving the end result required, but it looks like some of the comments are because, as was the case with me, it was not understood that you can't use the component designators without doing the {} thing. Relation between transaction data and transaction id. Firstly, The parameter you wish to vary needs to be designated. Lastly the .op command drives the operation. If you simulate multiple parameters at the same time, LTSpice will compute all possible combinations between those parameters. For this exercise, we have 2 variable parameters, Vs and R, which gives a total of 4 possible solutions. Menu After simulation, the graph pane will appear at the top of the schematic with the default settings of LTspice. If I don't use the index in the tables I get the same error as indicated in the first post, The working solution was found after reading Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. C: Place capacitor. Confirm that ".step" of the dot command is displayed as ".step param R2 100 400 100". The general idea (not the implementation) came from the LTspice yahoo group (e.g. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Yes you can do that (assuming you don't need to dynamically change the voltage within a .tran run) by parameterising the sources and using the table () function to look up the desired values. Now lets change the values of RL automatically and analyze the results. https://groups.io/g/LTspice/topic/50201465#60860). parameters through use of the Component Attribute Editor. What I mean to do exactly is this: If there were just one resistor whose resistance to vary, then I would just set its resistance to "{r1}" (I use lower case letters to make it a different variable/parameter than R1) and use a command such as: However, since I have to change two parameters (together) two times each, I have read here that (at least on LTSpiceIV) that a workaround to my problem could be using something like this: Upon doing the simulation, I get the following warnings: For some reason, the simulation doesnt "break" if I add one extra element to the table. I could open up the plot legend that shows the color of each point, but I don't see anywhere to change these settings. This time I set the variable to R2, but anything with alphanumeric characters is fine. I've done the trick with the Component Attributes dialogue on both components already. To find the maximum power transferred to RL, we can declare RL as a variable resistor but this time we will run the DC Operating .op simulation to get an answer for a list of RL values. So I wrote a C++ script to create the tables as (long) text files. Are you sure you wish to repost this message? For example, combine parameter A and parameter B into a new parameter, (A*100+B), and sweep that. LTspice is employed for this experiment. LTSpice: How to start the step of a voltage source at a different time in the transient simulation than t=0s? Import Parametric Sweep data from LTSPice into Matlab, Modelling a low-pass filter on LTSpice to filter an input square wave at 50kHz to obtain a sinusoidal output at 50Hz, LTSpice, AD8677 instance has more connection terminals than the definition, LTspice singular matrix error by changing model parameters. For the types of analysis, please see the following article. After simulation, the graph pane will appear at the top of the schematic with the default settings of LTspice. So the table of the values start with the index identifier (here n) then follows the pairs index, value . To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Press J to jump to the feed. However, to my knowledge it is not possible to achieve what you asked for. What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? ltspice step multiple parameters. The .step command is then used to step R through different values. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For additional information you may view the cookie details. Now lets add a second trace on the graph and add the following SPICE expression, V(vo)*I(R3), to calculate the power across R3 = RL. Would the magnetic fields of double-planets clash? I understand this would be easy to do if the parameters were somehow related (eg: set the value of C={R*constant} or whatever), but what if It only takes a minute to sign up. For How to set up detailed transient analysis. Note: To download the simulation files provided in this article, the reader must have LTSpice installed. This includes: harm to minors, violence or threats, harassment or privacy invasion, impersonation or misrepresentation, fraud or phishing. 1. Why does it seem like I am losing IP addresses after subnetting with the subnet mask of 255.255.255.192/26? communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Step a parameter run number, and from it generate the other parameter values required : Code: [Select] .step param run 1 3 1 ; middle no. Thanks Andy. and what would happen then? vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? Here is a list of some hotkeys for creating your schematic: R: Place resistor. We comment the first SPICE directive line and uncomment the second line. Whats the grammar of "For those whose stories they are"? For the Nozomi from Shinagawa to Osaka, say on a Saturday afternoon, would tickets/seats typically be available - or would you need to book? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The new topic will begin with this message. To implement this in LTspice, perform the following steps: Figure 1. Thankfully, LTSpice generates data when doing a transient analysis with multiple stepping parameters fairly easily. LTspice IV: Using the .STEP Command to Perform Repeated Analysis. The proper directive for your case would then be: and set the value of the resistors to {R1} and {R2} respectively. I would for example like to increase some capacitor and decrease the stimulus volrtage source simultaniously. Click Simulate-Edit Simulation Cmd in the menu bar to open the Edit Simulation Command screen. In the "op" command editor you can enter something like this: It steps Imax from 0.1 to 0.3 in steps of 0.1 and computes a resistor value R using parameter Imax, Uin, some assumed voltage drop 0.85.. of a diode. into the resistor value field. 2: R1 = 1 M\$\Omega\$, R2 = 10 M\$\Omega\$, Sim. In this article, we will explain in detail how to set the simulation command used for the following six types of analysis. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? Does the LT Spice monte carlo simulation definitely output the max and min voltage for any number of simulation runs? .param Rf=table(n,1,1.3k,2,1.1k,3,1.2k,4,1k), .param Cf=table(n,1,54p,1,64p,2,64pF,4,64pF), So Rf gets the value of the current index ( defined in the .step directive) rev2023.3.3.43278. AC Op-amp integrator with DC Gain Control in LTspice, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. The .step command in this case steps the parameter R through the values 10k, 20k and 30k. LTSpice: Step multiple parameters simultanious Uwe Bonnes Aug 1, 2006 Aug 1, 2006 #1 U Uwe Bonnes Guest Is it possible to define the step function so that it influences multiple parameters at once? The ".step" of dot command appears, so place it at an appropriate position. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? The simulation time varies depending on the size of the circuit. did phineas and ferb die in a car accident. Run the simulation and you should get the same results as in Figure 3. There are two ways to examine a circuit in LTspice by changing the value for a particular parameter: you can either manually enter each value and then simulate the circuit to view the response, or use the .step command to sweep across a range of values in a single simulation run. I cannot use Monte Carlo since the cursor information is missing (i.e. Visit Stack Exchange Tour Start here for quick overview the site Help Center Detailed answers. What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? They are defined with the .op SPICE directive " .param <name> = <value> ". Define the component parameter with a variable by editing the component attribute (Ctrlright-click on the component) and entering {X} for the Value, where X is a user defined variable name. Multiple; T: tera: 10 12: G: giga: 10 9: Meg: mega: 10 6: k: kilo: 10 3: m: milli: 10-3: u: micro: 10-6: n: nano: 10-9: p: pico: 10-12: f: femto: 10-15: . After running the simulation, you can iterate through all the answers the same way as we did in Figure 6 and 7. For this exercise, we have 2 variable parameters, Vs and R, which gives a total of 4 possible solutions. . However, with the .step increase order method that can be done faster. parameterized capacitance in the R-C circuit E.G: In this example, I want to modify two resistors (R5 and R6) so I can see the output of my regulators, assuming that I change the values from 1 ohm to 5000 ohms over 100 steps. The problem was that the size of the tables (given by the number of total parameter combinations) was prohibitive to write by hand. How? Please refer to the linked article for an explanation of After all, in order to learn how to use LTspice, it should be faster to use the practice form and to learn first than to read the instruction manual. communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Interested in the latest news and articles about ADI products, design tools, training and events? Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange! Is it possible to step 2 parameters together? For more information on how to use the waveform viewer, see the following articles: The schematic used for the parametric analysis can be downloaded from the link below. Visitors have the right to withdraw their consent. By clicking Accept All, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Any SPICE directive with a * in front of it, will not run during simulation. In this article, we will introduce the "Initial Settings" when installing the latest version of LTspice XVII. You should now see .tran 10m at the bottom of the screen. If you want to lay out the schematic editor and graph pane, see the following article, Display the schematic editor and waveform graph side by side. There are two ways to examine a circuit by changing the value of a parameter: You can either manually enter each value then re-simulate the circuit, or you can use the .STEP command to sweep across a range of values in a single simulation run and produce a side-by-side comparison. Are you sure you wish to delete this message from the message archives of LTspice@groups.io? I'm trying to learn about varying device parameters in LTSpice by setting up a potentiometer model so I can vary the rotation percent and see factors change within the circuit. Now, it is set to perform transient analysis for 10msec. The nature of simulating nature: A Q&A with IBM Quantum researcher Dr. Jamie We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, How to use .step param with more than two parameters in LTSpiceIV. How can I use it? We have already set the signal source in the article of "How to Draw a Schematic", but let's check it just in case. I think this violates the Terms of Service. If you check the voltage waveform of OUTPUT, you can see that it increases from 2V to 8V each time the parameter of feedback resistor of op amp increases. rev2023.3.3.43278. This is useful if you want to maintain a relation or control some indirect physical property of the design like a current or filter property. After we finish updating our website, you will be able to set your cookie preferences. Dear Donghoon Park, Thank you for creating such a useful tool! Normally, LTspice sets the resistance element parameter to a constant such as R = 10. Interested in the latest news and articles about ADI products, design tools, training and events? Your control variable you are stepping could be a phase angle or time delay or similar that you input in one or more formulas/expressions to obtain resulting component values or parameters to be applied in the design as {parameter} How should I go about getting parts for this bike? Use MathJax to format equations. Something like Prior to joining ADI, Gabino held various positions in marketing, engineering, operations, and education at Linear Technology, Texas Instruments, and California Polytechnic State University. What LTSpice does is automatically set each step to have a certain color automatically. Well for one the table command wants an index, which is X, then a set of xy pairs. How to use .step param with more than two parameters in LTSpiceIV, electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/20811/, How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability. posted on January 25, 2022. Note: For this approach to run without errors, make sure that the size of the list is equal to number of variable parameters. Besides, the Monte Carlo will take too long and it may 'duplicate' some combinations. To plot a specific answer, right click on the graph, go to View and select Select Steps. By clicking Accept All, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Parametric analysis analyzes while changing parameters such as resistance, capacitor, inductor, and power supply of electronic circuit. It could be {Pickle1} and it would still work. Open the Independent Voltage Source screen by right-clicking the signal source V1 of the schematic with the mouse. Dot command can be created with Edit Text on the Schematic. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? But this wouldn't vary the parameters independently. - jonk Apr 16, 2020 at 4:28 Then, in the waveform viewer, you can have three plot panes each showing only the result for each step by specifying "@" for the displayed value. What is \newluafunction? During homework exercises or labs, sometimes you need to analyze the circuits for different components values. The Thevenin resistance is equal to RL for maximum power, in this case Rth = 12. Subscribe today! For instance, plot V in a circuit with R=1 and C=1, then plot V with R=2 and C=2, then plot V with R=3 and C=3, etc. Press keyboard letter "T" to show the spice directive. In this LTspice requires setting of the signal source when simulating. Note: * is used as a comment in SPICE. Now lets say that we want to analyze Vo for 10 different types of RL. How do/should administrators estimate the cost of producing an online introductory mathematics class? Here is an example waveform response of an RC circuit, for which the capacitance is stepped through three values. If you want to have the values of a resistor near to it, you can also enter (instead of value, when right clicking onto it). Why does LTspice XOR gate have more than two inputs? One way to achieve this is to create a list of desired values to test. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? L: Place inductor. Parametric analysis is performed simultaneously with transient analysis, AC analysis, DC sweep analysis and so on. Your answer is a simple tutorial on a basic LTspice concept. In this article, it was placed near source V1. Steps may be linear, logarithmic, or specified as a list of values. After placement, right-click ".step" of the mouse to open the ".step Statement Editor" screen. Lets build the LTSpice circuit with the original RL value first. Yes you can do that (assuming you don't need to dynamically change the voltage within a .tran run) by parameterising the sources and using the table() function to look up the desired values. 'Jonk' may be up to something but still unclear how to perform for example 5x10x4x4x6=4800 independent simulations by 'combining' parameters and then 'breaking them back'. and what would happen then? More than three nested parametric sweeps in LTspice, https://groups.io/g/LTspice/topic/50201465#60860, How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability. Especially @afiskon and Ralf B.!If you liked this video be sure to check out my other videos and you can also subscribe to be up to date with all the new ones!If you want to support the creation of more and better videos please consider checking out: https://www.patreon.com/feszelectronics Lets use the circuit below as our first example: Lets say we want to analyze the output voltage (Vo) for several different values of a load resistor (RL). A .param statement can also be placed on a schematic as a SPICE Directive. For this particular example, the increasing order option goes from 1k to 10k in increment steps of 2k. Then use that parameter's values to control the other. (I.e. Its quite a simple implementation that can be used to go trough multiple parameters at the same time.LTspice Tutorial series:EP1-Getting started: https://youtu.be/JRcyHuyb1V0EP2-AC simulation and the Baxandall tone control circuit: https://youtu.be/P_ENvucaZkIEP3-.param and .step directives: https://youtu.be/ARE5nwiHI0QEP4-How to import libraries and component models: https://youtu.be/8V5XabccFaEEp5- Stock example simulations to play with: https://youtu.be/MwfeMjcM4zYEp6- Basics of FFT analysis and .four statment: https://youtu.be/rVAvW1Jh2AEEP7- Dependent voltage and current sourceshttps://youtu.be/Jn8mJG3qeooEp8- Turning a datasheet into a component modelhttps://youtu.be/0smuo8bMRn4EP9- Independent voltage and current sourceshttps://youtu.be/nPZ7vneN3v8Ep10- .wave statement and audio file processinghttps://youtu.be/mdJm-TzrBsAEp11 The effect of temperature on your circuithttps://youtu.be/VzxnNrOMcMoEP12 Modeling a DC brushed motorhttps://youtu.be/Wc4XzTrWSpoEp13- Worst Case, Monte Carlo and Gaussian statistics circuit analysishttps://youtu.be/NdGqboW2VcYEP14 - Digital circuits and logic gates https://youtu.be/JttE2NObDPMEP15- SMPS EMI and electrical noise and filtershttps://youtu.be/QEAzcaiBrpYEP16- Feedback loop simulationhttps://youtu.be/X4yaBwaO1gkEp17 - Verifying Simulation Modelshttps://youtu.be/DSDiIkKQaAEEp18 - Simulating Capacitorshttps://youtu.be/QpWPTolhfEoEp 19 - Simulating Inductorshttps://youtu.be/65fNDRows90EP 20 - Noise simulations https://youtu.be/Dh5XmFXlljIEp21 - Models and Librarieshttps://youtu.be/GUFMfSlD2AMEp22- Voltage and current limited sourcehttps://youtu.be/DnKnuJd3-ecEp23- Measuring Power Factorhttps://youtu.be/qZXOMPxbqh8Ep24 - Modeling a vacuum tube triodehttps://youtu.be/7v9dG1uteAQEp25- Using standard symbolshttps://youtu.be/BFMVujjH0loEp26- Modeling transformershttps://youtu.be/muUwe8X51oYEp27 - Stepping sets of parametershttps://youtu.be/1iOzX91LJ8gSpecial Thanks to all my supporters on Patreon!