In addition, these fighters have complex movesets, and executing them at a proper time during fights can become challenging. Once somebody get's just one hit in with Cassie Cage, it can be game over for the other player. If you aren't a fan of a specific tournament variation, you can make you own - there are an extensive number of special moves for you to try out that can make a character better suit your style of play. 3 Jacqui Briggs. The Nut Punch is also a popular move of the movie star. His Flying Dragon Kick is a great tool for getting opponents into the corner from as far as mid screen if you invest two bars of attack meter into it. One thing lacking from Mortal Kombat 11 Aftermath is the addition of a new rushdown character, and as such the archetype as a whole has seen very little change on the list. , How could we improve this post? As a rushdown character, The joker is another excellent pick players should start playing with. This is the character that the people who really don't know how to play fighting games should pick. While his combos aren't hard to pull off, he moves ridiculously slow. People new to playing Sub-Zero can begin their attacks with a Cold Boot. Terminator is a unique fighter than most of the kombatants in the game. Mileena is a fun character who offers anti Sheevas stomp attack and has significant zoning combo attacks. "RoboCop" character and all related trademarks, logos, and materials TM Orion & 2020 MGM. That isn't to say he's slow, as he has some swift attacks as well, but the blades from his arms will do a lot of good for anyone struggling to get through an opponent's defenses. Take a look at the best MK11 characters for beginners. Players who have been playing with him since MK9 or MKX will not feel disappointed with Sub-Zero in Mortal Kombat 11. This paired with all the other long-ranged moves Cetrion has just adds to how obnoxious she can be. Johnny Cage is an action movie star and a martial artist in the Mortal Kombat series. Switch between hand-to-hand combat and guns to baffle enemies in fights. In that case, you can keep on confusing opponents in throwing mix-up attacks and take them down every time with a surprise attack. Her options at most ranges are surprisingly varied and she's even viable to use for absolute beginners looking to get some early wins. He is pretty fun to learn kombatant in Mortal Kombat 11. This makes Raiden very easy to get the hang of. If you're looking for more guides, our Mortal Kombat 11 Fatalities list and Friendships list can help. He made his first appearance in Mortal Kombat 2, a game that was released in 1993. This man is widely regarded throughout the fighting community to be the easiest character in theMortal Kombat. His secret, however, is that he is one of the strongest characters in Mortal Kombat 3. He slashes his enemies with Hookswords and Sawblades. Noob Saibot offers a mix of rushdown and zoner playstyle characteristics. RELATED:The 15 Best Female Fighters In Mortal Kombat. Fans might think that Frost is a Sub-Zero clone, but this is not the case. He is also a great kombatant that comes with fast and high damage projectiles. Categorizing the game's diverse character roster into five rankings mentioned below is entirely based on how we see each fall in respective tiers. So, while you keep working on mixing your combos to confuse opponents, use Quick Charge, Electric Burst, and Storm Cell the most to land decent damage on enemies. While the standard Dragon Drop is scary enough, players on their toes can dodge it by moving quickly. Create your ReedPop ID & unlock community features and much, much more! All things considered, Sub-Zero is a great rushdown character that has medium to long-range combos. The MK11 Character list is comprised of many returning fighters as well as a few new faces to the mix - and includes a few Mortal Kombat characters that must be unlocked or downloaded. Rather than using it as a primary source of ranged pressure, this move is best used as a combo ender, although due to its slow start up only certain strings can accommodate this. 15 Raiden Raiden has always been an accessible character with a strong emphasis on offense, but his Teleport can also throw off opponents who lack the reflexes to counter a combo setup. He can put great pressure on opponents and has satisfactory control over the space in a fight. With 4k dynamic resolution, Mortal Kombat 11 offers people enhanced visuals and a thrilling combat system. When used at the cost of one bar of defensive meter, charges himself with electricity so that when he is hit the shield reflects a portion of that damage back at the attacker. In essence, this move is Sheeva's way of beating zoners at their own game. RELATED: Tips For Beginners In Mortal Kombat 11. Unfortunately, he does not land overwhelming damage on opponents while executing the combos. New to Mortal Kombat 11? The highlight picks of MK11 are Fujin, The Joker, Liu Kang, Jacqui Briggs, and Cetrion. Torment will punch and kick opponents and reach behind them in an instant to deal more damage. His trademark Torpedo move is ever-present, and when used in conjunction with a combo, can demoralize any foe. This variation is all about using his technology to get in quick and fast, and stick around one you're close. This move has Sheeva fly up into the air off screen, only to slam down on top of your opponent. Mortal Kombat Trilogy, Mortal Kombat Advance, and Mortal Kombat 10 are a few of the games he has appeared in. So it speaks to just how good Robocop is that he's able to take a top two spot on his release. Fujin unfortunatly ask a lot of strict timing buttons and a playstyle that also requires a lot of effort. The distance this move travels might surprise you, and it's a good way of punishing whiffed attacks when your opponent is at around jumping range. RELATED: Fighting Games Confirmed For Evo 2022. Base. He has appeared in various other games in the series including Mortal Kombat 2, Mortal Kombat 4, Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, and Mortal Kombat 10. If you like playing Kung Lao, then play Kung Lao! From gaming trends to the latest blockbuster anime, DualShockers keeps you ahead of the curve. They do not offer a rewarding value while playing online or on hard mode in single-player Klassic Tower games. Jades 434 combo creates a lot of space between her and the other fighter. Dvorah is the perfect solution for countering the zoning opponents. When not studying, he can be found playing fighting games and scouring the internet for cool new stories to report. Not only is Sonya the best aggressive character in the game, but she also has a superb selection of long-range special moves. People can raise their enemies above the ground with the Gotcha Grab and punch them in the gut for increased damage. People can blind their enemies with Say Cheese to momentarily stun them. What makes Raiden unique is that his moves don't have specific giveaways. Next comes Tremor, a fullscreen unblockable attack that sends opponents falling backwards away from Sheeva if it hits. Scorpions pokes are excellent as well. His attack strings are fairly easy to break and leave him open because of slow frame rates. Newcomers will enjoy his thirst for blood in the game. Her autotuned bug voice and disgusting fatalities make her one of the most memorable characters to grace the series. He has an interesting set of specials to keep people entertained along the way as well. Shokan Snag is the first special move Sheeva gets and as an anti-air grab it makes Sheeva's close range capabilities even better. He also possesses his typical array of lightning-based shock attacks, each of which can stun an enemy and break their rhythm, forcing them to re-evaluate their attack methods. For special attacks, Liu Kang has a selection of really handy ones with a range of uses. Sheeva is a fantastic addition to the roster of Mortal Kombat 11 grapplers. Like Terminator, Rain is another unique character with great potential in offering a variety of playstyle. Liu Kang is a Grand Champion of the Mortal Kombat tournament. Mortal Kombat 11 Tier List (Fighters ranked by Tier) Between new characters and patches, here's how our Mortal Kombat 11 tier list changed following the Aftermath DLC update in May 2020: Fujin. Wind Barrier also comes with this variation, and acts as an offensive air parry that can neutralize opponent air attacks and allows Fujin to punish them with a powerful attack of his own. Everyone has to start somewhere and while you're getting used to the basics of Mortal Kombat 11, here are the best rookie characters to try out. Need we remember the infamous bug kiss? Boulder Bash and Hell's Wrath are fantastic when trying to keep the other player as far away from you as possible. Who's worth your time, and who should you avoid? FIRST BLOOD & 1982 Studiocanal S.A. RAMBO: FIRST BLOOD PART II & 1985 Studiocanal S.A S. RAMBO III & 1988 Studiocanal S.A.S. His special moves, especially in his From Hell variation, allow Spawn to keep up this pressure even when further away. Jade is easy if all you do is shadow kick and spam projectiles, but she's quick complex when it comes to higher damage combos with precise timing. 4 Total Disrespect: Defeat an opponent as Bug-Vorah Since her debut in Mortal Kombat X, D'Vorah has cemented herself as one of the creepiest combatants in Mortal Kombat history. This might be interesting for you: Marvel Strike Force Tier List. Fujin will be our answer if you ask us which zoner Kombatant comes close to Cetrion. He is a wanted criminal and a notorious enemy of the Special Forces. Skarlet, Robocop, and Shao Kahn must be your last choice if a smooth triumph in MK11 is your end goal. , 2023 eXputer. For a long time, players who wanted to keep playing Kitana have resorted to custom options, but that too does not become a game-changer for her. Mastering combos and executing the special moves in the right instances is very tricky while playing with Spawn. Divine Winds is quite peculiar. Future Publishing Limited Quay House, The Ambury, Bath BA1 1UA. Spine Burst, Gutted, and War Banner Bash can take down opponents without giving them a chance to retaliate. This move can cancel into a downward kick,an aerial sword strike, or a safe drop back onto the ground at the cost of one defensive meter. His playstyle has a bit of both rushdown and zoner touch. With the launch of Mortal Kombat 11, the franchise sets people forward in a time-bending adventure that will test the skills of even the mightiest warriors. People can use a wide range of on-ground attacks to overwhelm their opponents in battle. Titles: 5 Hardest To Play Characters In Mortal Kombat 11 MK11 Top 5 Difficult CharactersRelated Videos Top 5 Easiest Characters To Play How To Pick Your Main Top 8 Common Mistakes-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Recommended video: Top 5 Easiest Characters To Play! https://youtu.be/vyPWs3ctoHwSERIES GOAL: The purpose of this beginner tips series is to help you get started and overcome the common problems new players face! may not be appropriate for all ages, or may not be appropriate for viewing at work. Mortal Kombat 11 has seen several significant updates since its release in April 2019, and since then its intricacies have been uncovered and each character has been picked apart and generally figured out by the game's dedicated community. Press J to jump to the feed. Beginners will appreciate her fast, long-ranged normals, as well as her ability to freeze opponents with regular and combo-based attacks such as Winter Winds. Dragon's Charge is a grounded charge that travels quickly across the ground. She's got an array of attacks all her own, including special ice-based attacks that can catch opponents off guard, especially if they get too close. The last universal move Robocop gets is the Shoulder Crowd Control Cannon. Do share your feedback with us. Variation one, Smash and Grab, cements Sheeva as a fantastic grappler with added moves. RELATED: Mortal Kombat: Raiden's Best Fatalities & Brutalities, Ranked. Most of Barakas combos are oriented around mids and lows, so executing them frequently is never a problem. People new to the fighting game can start with these characters in Mortal Kombat 11. Zoners have finished this DLC season in a pretty good place, with several characters remaining in the Best and Great sections of our tier list. DLC characters will be added to the list when they are playable. Give him a look and see if Noob really is for noobs or not! He strikes the enemy with a variety of high, mid, and low basic attacks that deal a decent amount of damage. You may find this interesting: Mobile Legends Adventure Tier List. Both Fan-fare and Highborn variations allow her an excellent balance between keep-away tactics and up-close chip attacks. Use these moves consistently to wear down opponents in battle. His throws are particularly scary, with both the forward and backward throws allowing Geras to set up his next attack while the other player is getting up. She also has a good range of attacks and can fight opponents while maintaining a certain distance. He is among the 7 original characters to have appeared in the first Mortal Kombat arcade game. They are still largely dominant as a whole, despite how good the three new characters are. Covering the hottest movie and TV topics that fans want. This move is unblockable, and is a good way to close the distance on zoning characters or players who are playing overly defensive. A bit a versatility in a character's move set goes a long way. Sub-Zero made his earliest appearance in Mortal Kombat 2 and has been a playable character in many titles in the franchise. Even without adding bells and whistles, this simple gun shot with Robocop's trusty sidearm is quick and deals a fair amount of damage for how safe it is, but can be ducked. Get the first hit using Howling Winds to slash opponents up to 3 times in a row. Sonya's basic combos can do a hefty amount of damage, even without using meter! In the hand of a seasoned player, Robocop is terrifying. Wields shovels, rests at bonfires, fights evil clones, brews decoctions. He made his debut in Mortal Kombat 2 and has been a part of many titles in the series including Mortal Kombat 3, Mortal Kombat Advance, and Mortal Kombat: Armageddon. Still, her third one is a bit difficult and requires a lot of time to properly utilize and execute all of her combos and special moves at the right time in a fight. This move is a fantastic way to punish players who are scared of your low-hitting attacks. Gaming Editor at WhatCulture. Players still subscribed to the long-distance fighting style at this point are excelling at keeping everyone else at a far distance. Remember that the Ultimate Edition includes all currently available characters and expansions. With four years of Video Game Journalism and Tremendous love for Gaming, Irfan loves chatting and writing everything about video games. Mortal Kombat 11: 15 Characters That Rookies Can Easily Master, The 15 Best Female Fighters In Mortal Kombat, 10 Mortal Kombat Kharacters That Didn't Make The Kut For MK 11, 10 of the Best Mortal Kombat Games of All Time (Based on Metacritic Scores), Mortal Kombat: 10 Weirdest Characters In The Series, Ranked, 10 Things That Make No Sense In Mortal Kombat: Aftermath. Wind Push is an excellent zoning tool in which Fujin pushes opponents away with an air punch that can be used at short, mid, and long distances depending on input. Sonya Blade is the first female character introduced to the Mortal Kombat series. Additionally, his F12 is an excellent moveset to stagger or land a confirmed hit. Fujin is a zoner that likes to keep opponents at roughly a full jump's distance away. Variation three, Mean Queen, supercharges Sheeva's mixup potential with new attacks and grabs which keep your opponent guessing what kind of attack will be coming next. She uses Frag Grenades and Stun Grenades to get the better of her enemies. A mid hitting attack, Untamed Fury is best used as a combo ender and doesn't typically do a huge amount of damage, but does a huge 30% if you trigger its Krushing blow. If you use Gotcha Grab to throw them into the corner, they are left in a standing position, which means you can immediately start threatening additional attacks without having to worry about a wake-up strike. Robocop is probably the only zoner character in Mortal Kombat 11 whose movesets are heavily based on projectiles. All kombatants that come in our C-tier are below average and offer a playstyle that not everyone can master. Let us know your thoughts in the comments section below. She has a lot of different combo strings that can confuse the enemy, every move coming out at some serious speed. We have mentioned damage dealers, zoners, and rushdown characters in this list. While many professionals choose to stay away from him, there's no denying the quick combos that this man can dish out. Spawn has one of the easiest and highest damaging combos in MK11 (where KBs or FBs are not requirements). Then there's the Hunker Down variation that adds the Quad Grab and Burning Hammer moves, providing more ways to get your hands on whoever you run into online. She can land a five to seven combo hit quite conveniently. Over time she has received a lot of buffs that have made the kombatant a tad bit better. Alongside him, Jax retains his silver medal spot on our list as he's established himself as a viable grappler in Geras' shadow. As one of the rulers of Outworld, Kitana has a stern personality and a humble heart. Ive played all the characters quite a lot, I would say Kitana can be a bit more challenging when it comes to timing and button execution. Hes not as good as the god tier characters but hes good enough to win at any level and he doesnt fit in to any kind of mk classification. If you want to know more tips & tricks check out our Video Game Guides. Now we're at the end of the DLC season, Rushdown characters as a whole have solidified themselves as being the best category overall. However, everything pays off when you fully get a good grasp on this kombatant. The roaster consists of 37 fighters that include fan favorites and pop-culture icons. Kano was part of the original roaster of playable characters from the original Mortal Kombat arcade game. 0:00 / 10:50 Mortal Kombat 11: How To Pick Your Main Character! He hails from the land of Edenia and appears in many games from the Mortal Kombat series including Mortal Kombat 3, Mortal Kombat: Unchained, Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, and Mortal Kombat 10. If you want to play a specific type of character, refer to the following sections: Rushdown characters are those who are in their element in the opponent's face, forcing their opponent to guess where you're going to strike from next - with disastrous consequences if they guess wrong. Developed by NetherRealm Studios, Mortal Kombat 11 is a multiplayer fighting game that features the likes of original characters from the franchise, such as Raiden and Johnny Cage. RELATED: Mortal Kombat 11: Best Augments In The Game. Needless to . Robocop gets OCP Charge in this variation, an aerial gap closer in which he dashes across the air and slams into the opponent. All of the characters listed in our S-tier are the best in their respective roles in the game. These characters are ideal for beginner players who are still learning the ropes of the fighting game. In terms of archetypes he's closest to a zoner, but different variations mix things up a little. The character is a Shokan, a half-human, half-dragon race distinguished by their four . As for universal special moves available to all variations, there's Cobra Assault Cannon, which is a horizontal projectile which has Robocop use a gigantic rifle to deal serious damage. So, it is important to note that the tier list we have compiled is solely based on our personal preferences and experiences with the characters. Pun intended. This move is a great way to keep opponents on their toes, forcing them to always look out for a low hitting grab. Scorpion is the iconic face ofMortal Kombat in a lot of ways so they've decided to keep his moveset the same throughout a lot of games, keeping things simple for the new players. Moving into mid-level play with this guy is a great idea as he relies on traps to get by. A Royal Welcome, Noble Assault, and Fan Toss are a few of her special moves. While you are here, make sure to check out our other Tier Lists for all the popular games. That is pretty much everything you need to know about Mortal Kombat 11 Characters. Kano is a delinquent and the leader of the Black Dragon clan in the Mortal Kombat series. While you are here, also check this: PUBG Best Weapons: Tier List By Pro Player [2022], Thanks! Robocop is Mortal Kombat 11's latest quest character and just like the prior quest characters the game has seen he is a force to be reckoned with. Shao Kahn is too stiff and, at the same time, has slow movement, making the kombatant a weaker character in the game. STEP BY STEP SERIES PLAYLIST: Link: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLWTRIaseNnkXm1-ch-1VWmM18ftKOThuBEGINNER TIPS SERIES: Link: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLWTRIaseNnlVdvn7EGWnS7MIaBpwR6KsFOLLOW ME HERE: Twitter: https://twitter.com/MadDoggGames Discord: https://discord.gg/SPBMwSSUPPORT THE CHANNEL: https://www.patreon.com/MadDoggGamesBUTTON LAYOUT:--------------------------------------------------------PS4: XBOX:1 = Square 1 = X2 = Triangle 2 = Y3 = Cross 3 = A4 = Circle 4 = BSPECIAL DEFINITIONS:--------------------------------------------------------; = Right After Animation~ = Cancel intoAMP = AmplifiedWF = Walk Forward (Hold Forward)B = BackF = ForwardJF = Jump Forward#HardestToPlay #MortalKombat11 #MK11Tips--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0:00 - Intro 1:18 - #5 Fujin3:30 - #4 Shao Kahn6:07 - #3 Skarlet8:07 - #2 Kollector9:55 - Honorable Mentions10:05 - #1 DvorahINTRO AND OUTRO MUSIC - Thanks for letting me use it!\"Makai Symphony - Dragon Castle\" is under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-SA 3.0).Music promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://youtu.be/9gBTKiVqprECategoryBACKROUND MUSIC21 Savege Immortal (Instrumental) (Remake) MORE BASS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktW4MzrD0qQRising Thunder - Edge ThemeLink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4h5BQ3QWLDI r/Mortal Kombat is the biggest Mortal Kombat fan resource on the internet, covering a wide range of MK culture and a premier destination for Mortal Kombat gameplay discussion, both casual and competitive! All rights reserved. When played right, Zoners make it feel like they're the only ones playing, as opponents are trapped under a relentless assault. There's also the Arm Control Cannon, which is a fast flying rocket that deals great damage for how safe it is. Smash enemies with a well-timed Step Kick and a Spear to pull them closer to finish them off. Most of his attacks deal lethal damage to opponents and are executed with superhuman speed. Many of his special moves push the enemy back against the wall. Then Robocop has Terminal Strip, a mid hitting command grab that deals a small amount of damage but throws the opponent fullscreen. Like in SFV the charge characters are the most difficult because of the tight input windows. Shang Tsung, Terminator T-800, Nightwolf, Sindel, The Joker and Spawn. Official Fujin of the Mortal Kombat 11 board. Kano is yet again another great grapple playstyle combatant in our A-rank MK11 tier list. Always keep the heat up with this guy though! His jump kick is by far the most spammed basic attack by players. Who is the strongest character in Mortal Kombat 11? In addition, the special moves available to all of Sheeva's variations help her remain a threat from a variety of distances. Absolutely give him a go. Other than that, his damage is not significant, but overall, Kabal is a valuable kombatant in Mortal Kombat 11. Sindel is a great zoner fighting style kombatant in the game. Mortal Kombat has been around for 27 years at this point and it's created some unforgettable characters like Scorpion, Sub-Zero, Liu Kang, Sonya Blade, Johnny Cage. All of the charactersin our A-tier list are very close to perfect fightersin the game world. He uses a number of tactical weapons to disable his opponents in the game including the Kori Blade and Ice Daggers. This replaces his Straight Auto Nine projectile, but the addition of movement to this otherwise standard move is a huge advantage, as clever use can potentially avoid jumping attacks if space correctly. Though her move list might be slightly unorthodox, she's a solid starter for beginners. However, Spawn has knocked Erron Black off his horse and snatched the runners up spot, as his mid-ranged normal attacks and amazing special moves combined just fall short of Cetrion. Goro is a fictional character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game franchise by Midway Games and NetherRealm Studios.He debuted as the sub-boss of the original 1992 Mortal Kombat and has also been featured as a sub-boss in the home ports of Mortal Kombat 4 (1997), the 2011 reboot, and Mortal Kombat X (2015). Whether you are playing online matches or single-player ones, mastering Geras will take time, but in the end, you will have a great chance of winning matches with him. People can roll towards the enemy with the Black Dragon Ball. Rambo is an above-average zoner fighting style kombatant in our Mortal Kombat 11 tier list. Our picks of the best fighters, including the three Aftermath DLC additions. Be sure to take every character for a spin, but try to concentrate on one of these fighters if you're new to the game. He is the kind of character whose special moves or combos cannot be exploited. Robocop always gets a horizontal attack with his auto nine pistol, albeit with some changes to the move occurring in different variations. Sindel plays out more or less like Noob Saibot. When used alongside the previously mentioned Battle Scars, opponents won't know what to do whilst they're stuck up close to Sheeva. Novice players can begin the fight with Almost Famous to kick their opponents in the face. For example, you may think about the best attacker, zoner, grappler, or rushdown fighter in the game. With the time players have had to figure out the characters, this is even more true now than it was previously. So, choose these kombatants and master them if you want to keep winning fights online or otherwise. Geras' entire kit is outstanding. Shao Kahn is notoriously one of the worst characters in MK 11. Most of his basic and advanced combo attacks are focused around overheads, and he does not have enough low attacks outside of his special moves. When amplified, you can hold it down, increasing its damage and delaying its travel. One of the best characters for juggle moves is Kano. Her grounded and aerial Energy Rings allow her to beat some Zoners at their own game. A great character to get to grips with when trying to learn some more of the technical aspects of the combat. When it comes to dominating and destroying opponents in Klassic Tower or in online matches, the vicious version of The Joker never disappoints. The list goes on and on.. Baraka is the best when it comes to getting in up close, deal a couple of hits or a combo and get out of a difficult situation. This move is an excellent tool when you want to close the distance at an angle an opponent might not be ready for. Grappler characters who are at their best mixing up standard offense with grabs. The brawler closes in on his opponents with a burst of quick strikes and violent attacks. Best Rushdown Characters in Mortal Kombat 11, Best Grappler Characters in Mortal Kombat 11, Best Zoning Characters in Mortal Kombat 11, Cetrion, Geras, Sonya, Liu Kang, Cassie Cage, Johnny Cage, Nightwolf, Shang Tsung, Jax, Erron Black. The Final Variation, Prime Control, flips Robocop's usual playstyle on its head by giving him excellent rushdown tools. Will have your lunch on Rocket League. Fujin has a selection of devastating Kombos like Tailwind,Whirlwind, and Whisked Away that are available regardless of what variation you use, and act as the backbone to Fujins playstyle as tools to punish opponents whiffing attacks at a distance. Attacks from Jax are hard to dodge and can be lethal to opponents in a fight. Tornado Slam is a particularly effective move that players use to grab their opponents to break their armor and slam them onto the ground. Most of his attacks deal serious damage, but they lack in range except for a few projectile-based attacks. Anyone that isn't familiar with fighting games won't know how important a good juggle move can be, but as people get better at playingMortal Kombat, they'll need to learn. Character ranking is based on ones best combos, attack patterns, or special moves and hence accounts for Zoners and Damage Dealers to rank higher than Rushdowns and especially Grapplers. So, who truly deserves your time, and who can be left behind? Hit and run tactics are a good way to minimize personal damage while inflicting the maximum amount on one's opponent, but this requires some caution.